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Professor Roger Barker talks about some of the research happening in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disorders at the NIHR Cambridge BRC.

Case Studies

Could Virtual Reality help detect the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease?

Researchers at the University of Cambridge, supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), have begun a large-scale study to see if virtual reality (VR) headsets can help spot Alzheimer’s Disease years or even decades before the onset of symptoms.

The three-year project – led by Dr Dennis Chan at the University with joint funding from the Alzheimer’s Society, Merck and NIHR Cambridge BRC – will scale up earlier research in which Dr Chan’s team showed that a VR test of spatial navigation was more effective at identifying patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than gold standard tests of memory and thinking currently used in clinic and research studies.

Participants (like the one photographed, above) were asked to navigate within virtual environments, displayed in state-of-the-art immersive VR headsets. This involved walking to, then remembering, the location of cones displayed within the environment. (See above image for an example: clicking on the image will open a short demonstration video.)

Now Dr Chan’s team would like to see if this test can detect AD in even earlier stages, before the onset of cognitive impairment.

In this latest study, researchers will ask 300 volunteers aged between 40 and 60, without any memory impairment, to take part in the VR study.

The volunteers have already enrolled into the PREVENT dementia programme, and have differing risks of developing AD depending on whether they have a gene that puts them at risk of AD or if they have a family history of AD.

Dr Chan’s prediction is that those at higher risk of future AD will perform less well on the VR navigation task.

Coco Newton, a PhD student on Dr Chan’s team, said: “Alzheimer’s disease is notoriously hard to detect in the early stages, when it is known as ‘preclinical’ AD. But if we can show that a VR-based navigation test is more accurate than traditional memory tests in diagnosing the preclinical disease, then that opens up lots of exciting opportunities.

“Not least it will allow people to determine whether treatments are more effective if they are started earlier and if this can delay the onset of dementia.

“By diagnosing patients much sooner we will also be able to offer them the opportunity to take part in clinical trials of future treatments.”

Testing navigation – virtually

The headset used in the study will be familiar to computer gamers.

Ms Newton explained: “You just place the headset on your face like a pair of goggles, and you are immediately placed in your ‘virtual’ environment. The headset displays images that are then used to test navigational skills as you walk around. Ultimately we want to find out if those who do worse in the tests will develop AD in later life.”

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Detecting AD in its earliest stages
It’s a tiny area of the brain, but scientists believe that the entorhinal cortex within the temporal lobe (which is involved in navigation) is the first to be affected by AD. But by the time the patient has developed symptoms such as memory problems, years or decades after the disease process has started, a substantial proportion of brain cells will already have degenerated. What Dr Chan and his team want to find out is whether changes to the entorhinal cortex can be detected in people at risk of developing dementia using VR and other cutting-edge technology including bespoke apps and augmented reality. People at risk of AD and healthy volunteers will be selected to take part in all the tests, including the VR navigation test. Some participants will also undergo state-of-the-art brain scanning with ultra high resolution 7T MRI and tau-PET scanning which can detect the molecules associated with AD pathology.

Detecting AD in its earliest stages

It’s a tiny area of the brain, but scientists believe that the entorhinal cortex within the temporal lobe (which is involved in navigation) is the first to be affected by AD. But by the time the patient has developed symptoms such as memory problems, years or decades after the disease process has started, a substantial proportion of brain cells will already have degenerated.

What Dr Chan and his team want to find out is whether changes to the entorhinal cortex can be detected in people at risk of developing dementia using VR and other cutting-edge technology including bespoke apps and augmented reality.

People at risk of AD and healthy volunteers will be selected to take part in all the tests, including the VR navigation test. Some participants will also undergo state-of-the-art brain scanning with ultra high resolution 7T MRI and tau-PET scanning which can detect the molecules associated with AD pathology.

Contact details

ccn30@cam.ac.uk

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Screening for dementia in the community

Based on evidence with observational, cognitive and imaging studies, Cambridge dementia researchers have introduced community-based, computerised cognitive assessments for screening in GP surgeries.

CANTAB Mobile,which runs on an iPad, includes a learning and memory test as part of a cognitive trial. Researchers are using these tests in GP settings to detect early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. From the data collected, researchers will determine if this kind of testing in a primary care setting can detect patients earlier, before the disease progresses, allowing doctors to act earlier and put a treatment plan in place. Early therapeutic interventions are beneficial as they allow patients to stay in their homes for longer and delay institutionalised care. They also enhance quality of life for people with dementia and their carers.